Aviv Poland Journey: Days 8 + 9 (Warsaw + Treblinka)

After a two and half hour bus ride we arrived in Warsaw, Poland’s capital and the city which was home to Europe’s largest Jewish ghetto of roughly 500,000 people. Our first stop in the nation’s capital was a Jewish cemetery which is the resting place of a huge number of Polish Jews from both pre, during and post WWII. There was something very unique about this cemetery thanks largely to the individuality of many of the stones which used various symbols to represent aspect of a person’s life, some were really quite special. We spoke about some of the cemetery’s residents who had done extraordinary things such as leaders of various uprisings during the war, Yiddish theatre stars as well as poets, writers and rabbis. Some even took the time to visit family members who lay amongst the multitude of plots through which we wandered. The cemetery made me think about how I wished to be remembered and whether or not I approve of the concept of touring graves, whether it does justice to an individual’s memory to be a stop off in the tour of a group of young people who stop to take a look and perhaps take a photo and then simply move on or not. I simply did not come to a conclusion, cemetery’s continue to baffle me as to my thoughts on the existence of an afterlife and my unwillingness to acknowledge that death could strike anyone I know at any time. A scary thought, especially after viewing the remnants of lives that were cruelly taken by the Nazis for almost no reason.

Following lunch we headed to a shule deep in Warsaw where we had the privilege of being spoken to by the Chief Rabbi of Poland who stunned most with his charisma and charm through various stories he had picked up in his time in Poland. It showed most that Rabbi’s aren’t always old men with long beards and black hats but can rather be people who inspire and captivate an audience in a youthful and modern way. After the rabbi spoke to us we visited what is left of Warsaw’s former small ghetto for the Jews. We saw what is left of the walls which used to mark the borders of the ghetto and were greeted there by an old man who came out of his house upon hearing our presence. He brought a book with him, which verified him as a righteous amongst the nations from Yad Vashem for doing all he could to keep the wall standing, he had us sign a book which was already filled to the brim with the names and messages of groups before us he had conversed with. He was truly an inspiring individual who I’m sure we could have learnt a great deal more from had we spoken Polish, the language barrier was simply too much. We continued on through the rest of the small ghetto, taking note of various buildings of significance.

The next day we awoke and headed to Treblinka, a death factory in which the Nazis liquidated roughly 800,000 Jews in approximately a year. However, this was not a camp like Auschwitz-Birkenau or Majdanek in which one could see the destruction, the harrowing sadness which was felt on the ground on which you stand, thanks to the detonation of the camp and its evidence by the Germans prior to the end of the war. This made it unbelievable difficult to connect to the stories and fates of the Jews who had died there as we just could not picture such horrific events transpiring in a place which was now so serene and secluded, the air filled with a nice breeze, surrounded by blue skies and the sounds of birds chirping, it was just unreal to picture the deaths of so many in such a pleasant place. We discussed the unthinkable brutality which took place at Treblinka, the eventual perishing place of 300,000 Jews who at one time or another took up residence in the Warsaw ghetto, as Mark regaled us with testimonials and poems which described such things we could do nothing other than sit in silence and just listen, take it in as best we could.

Around the area where the gas chamber once stood now one can walk through a memorial to the hundreds of Polish communities which were ravished by the war as well as a memorial to the indiviudals who had fallen. Only one man gets his own gravestone at Treblinka, Janusz Korczak. The famous educator who nurtured so many children in and prior to the wartime, whom we have learnt a great deal about in the last few days. He could have avoided his gruesome gassing death and escaped the war, but instead he nobly went with his children to their grizzly deaths; a truly righteous individual. Treblinka doesn’t have the effects of the other camps purely from visiting it thanks to its lacking of a visual aspect, it makes me wonder how holocaust remembrance and education would be today if it weren’t for the well-kept camp at Birkenau and Majdanek where we, those who survived and are left, can view the horrific sites our ancestors did and stand strongly and proudly and vow “never again.”

After Treblinka we headed back into Warsaw and toured the rest of the ghetto, noting especially the events of the famous Warsaw ghetto uprising led by Mordechai Anielewicz. We visited the memorial to uprising and multiple other important sites in the history of the ghetto, meanwhile hearing stories from Mark as to their significance as well as testimonials of life in the ghetto so that we do not forget what happened here. We conducted our final ceremony in Poland at Warsaw’s Rapoport Monument, another of which can be seen at Yad Vashem, in which we reflected upon our emotional and difficult time in Poland and the lessons learn from it. We next visited the JCC of Warsaw and discussed its role in the Jewish community and the current status of Polish Jewry. Finally, after dinner, we returned to the hotel and engaged in a final reflection session before bedtime.

I would just like to formally state how much I want to thank my madrichim in Poland (Mark, Daniella, Oded and Tracey) for their unbelievable emotional and educational support throughout this challenging trip, without them it would certainly not have been anywhere near as fulfilling and enriching. I would also like to thank each and every one of my fellow Aviv participants for being there for me a various times throughout the trip, whether it was in the crematorium of Tereisinstadt, at the famous train tracks of Auschwitz-Birkenau, in the gas chamber of Majdanek or the memorial at Treblinka, you were always there with a hug or a shoulder whenever I need it. Thank you so much.

Jake

Aviv Poland Journey: Days 6 + 7 (Krakow + Majdanek and Lublin)

Our day in Krakow was completely contrasting to the one which proceeded it, with a greater focus placed on the positive stories from the war as well as talk of modern day Polish Jewry. We began with a late wakeup on account of Shabbat and were then led on a tour of the Krakow’s old Jewish quarter which is goes by the name of Kazimierz. We visited numerous old synagogues such as the aptly named ‘old synagogue,’ the Isaak synagogue and the Tempel Synagogue which was created to cater to the area’s growing reform community. Our visits were accompanied by many an old parable told by our theatrical tour guide Mark. Our lunch stop was at the Jewish Community Centre of Krakow where we heard a tale from a lady who is recognised as a righteous amongst the nations by Yad Vashem for her family’s saving of Jews during the war. Her tale was fascinating, and was followed by an address from the centre’s director who talked about his thoughts on the Jewish plight in Europe and specifically Poland, sparking a heated debate about the necessity of security in the modern Jewish world as well as the growing anti-Semitism in Europe. After this long discussion we finally ate, at roughly 3 o’clock. We then visited the square in which the Jews of Krakow were rounded up and sent to Auschwitz and other camps, at which we were joined by a Polish man from the area who had eavesdropped upon our tour, whose story was unbelievable. He was a 22 year old Pole who had found out just three years earlier of his Jewish heritage and was now attending classes at the JCC and exploring his heritage. Following this we were allowed free time in Krakow’s main square.

In the morning we departed Krakow for Lublin and specifically Majdanek. As we arrived at the camp in which roughly 75,000 people were brutally murdered by the Nazis we were appalled to find out that houses and apartment blocks stood just metres from the camp. How can someone live so close to such a terrible place? Imagine telling your children about what the time tens of thousands of people were murdered practically in your backyard, it’s just horrific.  The camp was daunting from the word go, we entered through the main security gate and were immediately surrounded by barbed wire and the first building we entered was the first which prisoners too would enter, to be disinfected, bathed and shaved. This building connected onto the one in which selection and gassing took place. It was a shockingly terrible sight, and for myself personally it was too much to bear as we entered the selection room and the sign informed me that it was known as the ‘Rosengarten’ room, from then on this was all that went through my head for the rest of the camp; it was personal, I couldn’t bear to be in any way linked to such a horrific process. As we continued through the camp, which some say is so well kept that it could be functioning in just 24 hours, the horrific scenes piled up and were too much for many, including myself. We entered barracks which had been transformed into museums and informed of the history of the camp and its inhabitants and operators.

A room which featured the shoes of tens of thousands of those who perished at the camp was an unbelievably powerful image which reinforced the individuality of the victims whilst displaying the shockingly enormous amount of people who were murdered. Throughout our tour Mark read us testimonies and poems which gave an insight into life at Majdanek which seems as though it was a worth fate than death. We next entered a barracks which was filled to the brims with tough wooden beds, and all I could think was that this was where people lived. But was this really living?

We gradually made our way to the camp’s crematorium which is located at the far end of its boundaries and carries a haunting chimney which would apparently spurt black smoke daily, the ash of the camp’s victims. The crematorium was another place in which I simply could not comprehend where I was, on the very ground on which I stood  thousands of people’s bodies passed through and were burnt with malice a forethought by a group of people who quite simply should be considered untermenschen (Sub-human) themselves due to their actions. How could this have happened to our people? How could this have happened to any people? Has humanity advanced or is there potential for this to happen again in our lifetime? These are simply questions to which no one has the answer.

As we exited the crematorium, we were greeted by a small rose garden which looked nothing the least bit sinister until we were informed that they were repeatedly fertilised with human ash during the camp’s lifespan. It just got worse. From one place of mass death to another. We moved to some reasonably large pits in the grass quite near the crematorium, we were informed that in these very pits 18,000 people were shot to their deaths over a 2 day period by the SS for absolutely no reason. I was horrified and quite simply could do nothing other than stare into the pits praying and hoping that this never ever happens again and that these people died quickly and weren’t in pain. We soon headed up to the huge kippah-like monument which towered over the pits, it looked a memorial like any other and saw its contents; a gigantic pile of human ash. On first glance all I could do was fall to my knees, this ash used to be people, with individual lives, stories, families and friends and now all that remains of them is a pile. They had their lives snatched from them for no reason. We conducted a short ceremony at the memorial, lit candles and then departed this place of undoubted evil not in great spirits. We rounded out the day with time spent in an old cemetery and in Lublin’s yeshiva, needless to say, we weren’t in the mood.

Being at Majdanek is without doubt the most emotionally difficult thing that I have ever done, and I can’t help but think how the prisoners felt there. A few thoughts occupied my mind for the entirety of the time I was in the camp. Firstly, if humans can live so close to a concentration camp and go about their daily lives normally then there is no reason that there cannot be another holocaust. It is a scary thought but if one can live in such close proximity to a place where so many were brutally murdered then there is no reason they cannot become normalised to such pain and suffering. Secondly, I am profoundly proud to be Jewish. We are a people like no other and this trip has made me so unbelievably grateful when I put on my kippah or sing a Jewish song, our heritage is something special and seeing the lowest point in our history first hand has allowed me to realise just how much I treasure it. Finally, Majdanek and Auschwitz as well as all holocaust sights must continue to be visited by all future generations of Jews and is extraordinarily important to Jewish continuity. Visiting holocaust sites forces us to remember and relive these moments felt by our ancestors and keeps us connected to our heritage, something which is necessary to instil Jewish values into future generations.

Jake 

Aviv Poland Journey: Day 5 (Auschwitz + Birkenau)

The Auschwitz complex is an embodiment of the horrific crimes committed by the Nazis against the Jews of Europe, it was the site of the extermination of roughly 1.1 million Jews. Visiting Auschwitz today was one of the most confronting experiences of my life to date; everywhere I looked I was surrounded by hauntingly iconic images of where the forefathers of the Jewish people, my people, were subjected to treatment that is not fit for cockroaches let alone human beings. The first stop of our tour was the unbelievably well-known gate to Auschwitz one reading ‘Arbeit macht Frei’ or in English ‘Work makes you free.’ Everywhere you look there is more cause to feel uncomfortable, whether it is the lines of barbed wire or the barracks which once held thousands of prisoners who were arbitrarily murdered by a regime whose disregard for humanity is simply incomprehensible.

We entered block after block, each housing a museum dedicated to an element of the Nazis treatment and disposal of prisoners once housed in the rooms which we walked. One was labelled ‘extermination technique’ and another ‘death block’ to name but a few. Each was more challenging than the one which preceded it; there was a room filled with hair, another with shoes, another with suitcases and another with shoe polish each which immediately shocked onlookers due to the reality which it instilled upon events which seem impossible from statistics. I could not do anything other than look on in disbelief and attempt to reconcile the deep feelings of pain and anger which took over my body as I pondered the reason why these people and/or their families did not live on today. The fact is, that if these people were not born Jewish they would not have suffered the same fate. Despite my disbelief and utterly immeasurable sadness towards what I was witnessing, I simply could not cry. I couldn’t let my feelings out, something which really bothered me as I wandered halls which were not too long ago the living space of thousands of indiviudals who perished at the hands of the Nazis. We continued on in the camp, observing the site of the first mass murder by gas in human history as well as the harrowing ‘death wall’ were prisoners were shot, and then finally the gas chambers and crematorium where enormous numbers of murders were carried out by the SS and still I was unable to let my pent up sadness out, my tear ducts refused to co-operate with what I was feeling. A feeling of guilt came over me which I couldn’t understand nor reconcile, something I had never felt before and never wanted to feel again. We finished our tour with the new Jewish museum there, featuring a room encompassing names. I have a surname which is ridiculously obscure and not shared by many others I have ever come across, and so it was shockingly difficult for me to see an entire page of Rosengarten’s in the death lists at Auschwitz, needless to say it hit far too close to home especially when I saw a name identical to that of my brother Daniel.

Auschwitz 1 was emotionally draining and unbelievably difficult to handle for all of us but it was a completely different feeling when we arrived at Auschwitz 2: Birkenau. As we walked up to its symbolic gates we knew we were in a place of terrible suffering and we immediately felt a heavy atmosphere of sadness and depravity, you could almost feel what happened there. “All train tracks lead to Auschwitz” so the saying goes, as we walked along the tracks which run all through the middle of the death camp, all I could think about was the people who entered here and never left. People whose entire worlds and families were destroyed by the acts of other human beings. We entered barracks and heard of tales from inside the camps which brought to life the goings on of a place which housed such unthinkable evils in the past. Birkenau was not as emotionally difficult as Auschwitz but it brought different challenges. It was comprehending the reality that such a place existed and terrible things occurred on the very ground we were standing rather than the reality of the events themselves. We visited the former sites of the gas chambers and crematoriums of Birkenau which were destroyed by the Nazis, hearing all along the way of stories which were set on the ground on which we were standing. Harrowing stuff. Things of such evil and inhumanity that one cannot even imagine them taking place.

A few concepts bounced around in my head as we visited the most damaging and destructive site of all time 

for world Jewry. Firstly, how can these such a place have existed? Someone had to design and conceptualise a place where innocent people were exterminated group by group efficiently with malice a forethought, who, how and why? Do people nowadays still have the potential for such horrific acts? Secondly, we enter Birkenau by choice and leave when we want, our ancestors weren’t so lucky. Finally, where would Judaism be if the holocaust had never taken place? The population would be significantly larger, our culture would be far greatly advanced and most importantly of all, millions of worlds and families would still be intact.

We rounded off our intense day with a Shabbat service at a synagogue in Krakow, we sung and prayed with the locals. It was an incredible experience, nicely contrasted with our views of the death and destruction of Poland’s Jews which we had witnessed at Auschwitz, we were able to see the fact that Krakow still maintains a vibrant Jewish community and that the Nazis did not win. Jews still live and pray in Europe, the religion is well and truly alive and I hope that this is always the case. I look forward to exploring more of Krakow tomorrow.

Jake

Aviv Poland Journey: Day 4 (Tereisinstadt)

It is only when one lays eyes upon a place where the Nazis engaged in the extermination of Jews can they truly comprehend the realness of the events that took place in Europe between 1939 and 1945. As we arrived at Tereisinstadt, a former ghetto/camp located in the north of the Czech Republic, we were greeted by an enormous cemetery overlooked by a huge magen david, forcing an immediate recognition of the atrocities committed to our people on the very ground on which we stood. A number of the graves were not even marked with names. We entered the ‘small fortress,’ a former Nazi control centre of the area where we watched a short propaganda film detailing life in the Tereisin ghetto as the Nazis wanted outsiders to view it. We explored further and were shown to barracks where prisoners of the Gestapo were held, not exclusively Jews, we entered rooms smaller than some of our individual bedrooms and were informed that these barracks were known to have held roughly 100 prisoners at any one time.

We made our way around the former ghetto, in which life bafflingly continues to go on as though nothing happened, stopping at various sites and museums with significance to the Jewish narrative of Tereisin which were scattered all through the current town. I simply could not comprehend how one can live on land knowing that such disgusting acts of inhumane indecency had taken place there. Visiting museums around Tereisin we gradually filled in knowledge about the history and fate of the Jews who had lived in this area, as well as their activities and lifestyle during the war years. It was very refreshing to see an emphasis placed on LIFE within the ghetto notably as cultural undertakings such as art, theatre, literature and music to name a few, rather than just a depressing focus upon the grim fate which most eventually received.

The living space of Jews during this time was simply deplorable, visiting a recreation of their conditions reinforced the harsh reality that Jews at this time were simply viewed as ‘untermenschen,’ to use the German, or ‘subhuman.’ Hundreds were packed into tiny rooms, you were lucky to have a bed as many resided on wooden floors in an area in which temperatures could be known to pass freezing; if someone died then it was your lucky day as you were in with a shot of securing a bed, this was the harsh reality. We continued touring around on foot until we reached the most harrowing site of all in the entire Tereisin area, the crematorium. Used by the Nazis to dispose of Jews who had perished in the ghetto, it was simply appalling to think that we were standing in a place where Nazis would inspect and cremate Jewish corpses and then shove them into small wooden boxes.

Outside the crematorium we conducted a ceremony of our own to honour the memory of those Jews who had spent time in Tereisinstadt. It features testimonies, poems, candle lighting as well as the recitation of the ode usually preserved for ANZAC Day. This inclusion ensured the consideration of nationality as well as religion when thinking of these historical events; as well as this, it got me thinking of the confusion that would have been caused for the assimilated Jews of the time some of whom who would perhaps have considered themselves primarily German or Polish or Czech or any other nationality rather than Jewish, as to why they were to be singled out for prosecution rather than any other citizen.

Following the ceremony we ate a packed kosher lunch and headed off to Krakow where we were to spend the night.

Something else really caught my attention today; throughout the day we passed various groups of other religions and nationalities, many of whom it seemed simply did not understand the gravity of where they were. Many walked past us, a group where many of the boys were wearing kippot, and continued as if nothing was different, chuckling and laughing to their friends. This peaked my interest, is this disconnection from the reality of the atrocities committed on the ground on which we stood due to a difference in culture? A lack of education? An immaturity? Or is it simply that we are sensitive to and connect largely to the events of the holocaust due to the fact that it directly effects our family heritage and lineage? This is a question which I could not answer, however I do depart with this final thought: in my opinion, there is no individual nor group in any society that cannot benefit from the lessons of the holocaust, it is only from seeing humans at their lowest point can one truly be thankful for the world in which we live today and not squander the freedoms which we possess.

Jake

Aviv Poland Journey: Days 3 + 4 (Flight + Prague)

Leaving Israel, a country that represents hope and freedom for Jews everywhere, for Prague and Poland, a region of the world which has seen numerous atrocities committed upon the Jews, was somewhat of a bittersweet feeling. We arrived in the Czech Republic’s capital quite late, consumed some rather sub-par kosher dinner and headed off to our accommodation, the 4 star Duo Hotel; most were lucky to record 6 hours sleep for the night. All awoke bright and early the following morn, ready to take in the famous landmarks which Prague had to offer. Our first stop of the day was the Prague’s Jewish Quarter, which used to be the home of tens of thousands of Jews prior to the holocaust but today houses a community of just 1200. We visited the old-new synagogue of Prague which is famous for being the supposed birthplace and home of the mythical Golem, a legend which Jared and Toby informed us of at the site. Next up was the adjacent cemetery which was eerily reminiscent of graveyards featured in cinema thanks to the close proximity of it gravestones. We were reliably informed by our permanent guide Mark and Czech specialist guide Tom that the cemetery actually features as many as 12 layers of graves in some places… only adding to the uncomfortable occult vibe being felt by much of the group. It was an amazing site, certainly something you don’t see just anywhere in the world and for me a symbol of the deep roots of Jewish culture in Europe which go back thousands of years.

We were just getting started, we next headed to a synagogue which had been converted into a museum showcasing Jewish ritual and culture in a simplistic fashion; this was planned by Hitler and the Nazis to be a museum of the extinct race, showing how the Jews lived once they were wiped out. Whilst being a chilling reminder of Hitler’s plans to eliminate our entire race, it was somewhat of an odd museum for most, considering it featured items which we would just find in our own homes and which represent the majority of our Jewish identity. Following this we visited a synagogue which had been turned into a memorial featuring 80,000 names of those who perished in the holocaust. This place shook me more than any other we saw on this day; the names just didn’t stop, they filled every wall of the entire synagogue. And what’s more, as I examined the surnames on the wall I found one which stood out to me particularly, my own. This shook me greatly, I stared at the ‘Rosengarten’ for a number of minutes and the gravity of where I was and the journey I was undertaking began to set in. There were just too many names on these walls, however each was an individual, with a story, something which can too easily be overlooked when statistics inform memory.

The Spanish synagogue, built to house Prague’s growing reform community in the 19^th century, was our next stop, and it’s exquisite architecture and artefacts suitably impressed all. It featured a museum about the history of the Jews of the Czech Republic, detailing their grapples with anti-Semitism, experiences during the holocaust, as well as their struggles with assimilation. The history of this place grabbed me, whilst I believed I already had a fairly ample knowledge of both Jewish and holocaust history, it showed me that there is always another perspective, always more to know. We did not stay for long as our busy schedule dictated we keep on the move in order to see the entirety of the cultural and historical riches offered by the amazing city of Prague.

This was the extent of our Jewish landmarks for the day, next we headed up to the castle compound which featured a residence of the Czech president as well as the most unbelievably aesthetically pleasing church I have ever laid eyes on. St Vitus Cathedral was simply jaw dropping, the beautiful stain glassed windows coupled with the hand sculpted gargoyles and ridiculously high ceilings made the photographers of the group thank their lucky stars… of course this was the day I forgot my camera at the hotel. Our next stop was Prague’s love lock bridge, a symbol of love throughout Europe, and just up the road from it we visited the John Lennon Wall where people graffiti various messages of freedom. We also engaged in a song or two with a man who busks there almost every day of the year, it was a beautiful sight to watch the entirety of Aviv croon along to Wonderwall with the busker.  We soon crossed the famous St Charles Bridge, where we witnessed Klezmer music, various street vendors as well as amazing monuments dedicated to Jesus and other religious symbols. Quickly arriving at the town centre in which we were afforded an hour’s free time to do what we wished.

Following this hour we reconvened and headed to the Jewish Community Centre at which we engaged in a delicious kosher meal before retiring back to our hotel for the night. Tomorrow sees the really emotional and difficult sights begin to appear on our itinerary, we visit Terezin, a holocaust ghetto and camp, as well as making our way to Krakow where we will spend the next few nights. Only time will tell how we all respond to such heavy topics.

Jake

Aviv Poland Journey: Day 2 (Yad Vashem Cont.)

Day 2 at Yad Vashem began with an experience which we were truly privileged to enjoy; listening first hand to the story of Chana Pick, a survivor of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and a childhood friend of Anne Frank. Her story was unbelievable, we heard of her luck to remain in her family home for numerous years of the war thanks to various coincidences as well as strokes of luck which saw her and her sister both survive the war in extremely unlikely circumstances. We hung on her every word, recognising how lucky we were to be hearing the account of someone who endured the horrifying events which many consider today a faded nightmare. For me, it brought home just how lucky I am to be undertaking is journey, as well as the recognition that we are the last generation lucky enough to be hearing from survivors themselves and as such it is our responsibility to pass on the stories we accrue on our journey.

Our next session was a workshop with our tour guide Jonathan in which we took a closer look at the ghettos of Eastern Europe, namely Lodz and Warsaw, and the lives of those who lived there. We heard of the inversion of traditional bread-winning hierarchy in Warsaw as children were forced to scavenge and smuggle food in order to feed their starving families. We watched and heard testimonies of those who had spent time in these shocking places, one testimony particularly resonated with me personally. One woman stated that she had gone on dates in which she had passed rotting corpses in the streets and simply ignored them, for me this represented the an alternate and shocking normality created in the ghettos and eventually the camps, wherein death and destruction were simply the norm and people strived to live as normal lives as they could to little avail. We compared the actions of the leaders of these ghettos, one of whom committed suicide when the Nazis came for their ghettos citizens and the other who sacrificed the children in order to save the adults, eventually saving 8,000 lives. A debate arose as to who had made the correct decision, an answer which simply cannot be answered as to our inability in 2014 to know the entire background of the decision as well as our incapacity to avoid the use of hindsight to make an objective deliberation.

Our next workshop delved into the end of the war, the establishment of displaced persons camps as well as life after the holocaust. We learnt of ridiculously snap decisions for marriage due to an unwillingness to be alone following the deaths of entire families. What struck me about this was that our ‘first world problems’ and thoughts of loneliness are simply insignificant and irrational compared to the situations which these people found themselves, a lesson which I believe my generation in particular must learn. Next up was a visit to Yad Vashem’s resource centre where we worked on ceremonies and presentations which we would present sometime over the next week, much research was undertaken. Finally, we spent roughly an hour in the visual centre, afforded some individual time with the enormous video database of testimonials, films and Nazi propaganda amongst other things, which is only available at Yad Vashem itself. We were informed that the video library contains over 60,000 individual testimonials, despite being worked on since 1995, which allowed me to reflect on the unbelievable amount of individuals whose lives were affected by this traumatic episode of human history which I hope shall never be repeated.

Jake